On June 15, 2012, the satellite transit ground synchronous observation was carried out in the TerraSAR-X sample near the super station in the dense observation area of Daman. TerraSAR-X satellite carries X-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The daily transit image is HH / VV polarized, with a nominal resolution of 3 m, an incidence angle of 22-24 ° and a transit time of 19:03 (Beijing time), which mainly covers the ecological and hydrological experimental area of the middle reaches artificial oasis. The local synchronous data set can provide the basic ground data set for the development and verification of active microwave remote sensing soil moisture retrieval algorithm. Quadrat and sampling strategy: Six natural blocks are selected in the southeast of the super station, with an area of about 100 m × 100 m. One plot in the northwest corner of the sample plot is watermelon field, others are corn. The basis of sample selection is: (1) considering different vegetation types, i.e. watermelon and corn; (2) considering the visible light pixel, the sample size of 100m square can guarantee at least 4 30 M-pixel is located in the sample; (3) the location of the sample is near the super station, with convenient transportation. The observation of the super station is in the north, and there is a water net node on both sides of the East and the west, which makes it possible to integrate these observations in the future; (4) in addition, there are some obvious points around the sample, which can ensure that the geometric correction of the SAR image is more accurate in the future. Considering the resolution of the image, 21 splines (distributed from east to West) are collected at 5 m intervals. Each line has 23 points (north-south direction) at 5 m intervals. Four hydroprobe data acquisition systems (HDAS, reference 2) are used to measure at the same time. The sampling interval is controlled by the scale and moving splines on the measuring line to make up for the lack of using hand-held GPS. Measurement content: About 500 points on the quadrat were obtained, and each point was observed twice, i.e. in each sampling point, once in the film (marked a in the data record) and once out of the film (marked b in the data record); although the watermelon land was also covered with film, considering that it was not laid horizontally, only the soil moisture at the non covered position was measured (marked b in both data records). As the HDAS system uses pogo portable soil sensor, the soil temperature, soil moisture (volume moisture content), loss tangent, soil conductivity, real part and imaginary part of soil complex dielectric are observed. The vegetation team completed the measurement of biomass, Lai, vegetation water content, plant height, row ridge distance, chlorophyll, etc. Data: This data set includes two parts: soil moisture observation and vegetation observation. The former saves the data format as a vector file, the spatial location is the location of each sampling point (WGS84 + UTM 47N), and the measurement information of soil moisture is recorded in the attribute file; the vegetation sampling information is recorded in the excel table.
WANG Shuguo, MA Mingguo, LI Xin
The aim of the simultaneous observation of river surface temperature is obtaining the river surface temperature of different places, while the sensor of thermal infrared go into the experimental areas of artificial oases eco-hydrology on the middle stream. All the river surface temperature data will be used for validation of the retrieved river surface temperature from thermal infrared sensor and the analysis of the scale effect of the river surface temperature, and finally serve for the validation of the plausibility checks of the surface temperature product from remote sensing. 1. Observation sites and other details Ten river sections were chosen to observe surface temperature simultaneously in the midstream of Heihe River Basin on 3 July and 4 July, 2012, including Sunan Bridge, Binhe new area, Heihe Bridge, Railway Bridge, Wujiang Bridge, Gaoya Hydrologic Station, Banqiao, Pingchuan Bridge, Yi’s Village, Liu’s Bridge. Self-recording point thermometers (observed once every 6 seconds) were used in Railway Bridge and Gaoya Hydrologic Station while handheld infrared thermometers (observed once of the river section temperature for every 15 minutes) were used in other eight places. 2. Instrument parameters and calibration The field of view of the self-recording point thermometer and the handheld infrared thermometer are 10 and 1 degree, respectively. The emissivity of the latter was assumed to be 0.95. All instruments were calibrated on 6 July, 2012 using black body during observation. 3. Data storage All the observation data were stored in excel.
HE Xiaobo, Jia Shuzhen
This dataset contains the spectra of white cloth and black cloth obtained in the simultaneous time during the airborn remote sensing which supports the airboren data preprocessing as CASI, SASI and TASI , and the spetra of the typical targets in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin. Instruments: SVC-HR1024 from IRSA, ASD Field Spec 3 from CEODE, Reference board Measurement method: the spectra radiance of the targets are vertically measured by the SVC or ASD; before and after the target, the spectra radiance of the reference board is measured as the reference. This dataset contains the spectra recorded by the SVC-HR1024 ( in the format of .sig which can be opened by the SVC-HR1024 software or by the notepad ) and the ASD (in the format of .asd), the observation log (in the format of word or excel), and the photos of the measured targets. Observation time: 15-6-2012, the spectra of typical targets in the EC matrix using SVC 16-6-2012, the spectra of typical targets in the wetland by SVC 29-6-2012, the spectra of typical vegetation and soil in Daman site and Gobi site by ASD 29-6-2012, the spectra of white cloth and black cloth by ASD which is simultaneous with the airborne CASI data 30-6-2012, the spectra of vegetation and soil in the desert by ASD 5-7-2012, the spectra of white cloth and black cloth by ASD which is simultaneous with the airborne CASI data 7-7-2012, the spectra of corn in the Daman site for the research of daily speral variation. 8-7-2012, the spectra of white cloth and black cloth by ASD which is simultaneous with the airborne CASI data 8-7-2012, the spectra of corn in the Daman site by ASD for the research of daily speral variation 9-7-2012, the spectra of corn in the Daman site by ASD for the research of daily speral variation 10-7-2012, the spectra of corn in the Daman site by ASD for the research of daily speral variation 11-7-2012, the spectra of corn in the Daman site by ASD for the research of daily speral variation. The time used in this dataset is in UTC+8 Time.
XIAO Qing, MA Mingguo
Biological productivity refers to the material production capacity of organisms and their groups or even larger scale (including ecosystem and biosphere). It changes with the environment. Therefore, it becomes an indicator of environmental change and the health of the earth system. Net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation refers to the remaining part of total organic matter (GPP) produced by photosynthesis of green plants in unit time unit area after deducting autotrophic respiration (RA). The NPP products in Heihe River Basin mainly focus on the important parameters par and FPAR of the model of light energy utilization, and improve the algorithm and product production. The FPAR inversion model that distinguishes the direct radiation from the scattered radiation and the par inversion method based on the combination of static and polar orbit satellites are proposed. Finally, the net primary productivity data set of Heihe River Basin is produced by using the light utilization model. The algorithm improves the temporal and spatial resolution of data products, and the accuracy of products is also significantly improved.
LI Li, ZHONG Bo, WU Junjun, WU Shanlong, XIN Xiaozhou
The purpose of differential GPS positioning survey is to unify multiple survey areas into the same coordinate system and realize accurate absolute positioning through joint survey with national high-level control point coordinates. Under the national geodetic coordinate system of 2000, the accurate positioning of flux observation matrix, hulugou small watershed, tianmuchi small watershed and dayokou watershed and target is completed. In order to realize the geometric correction and absolute positioning of optical image, SAR image and airborne lidar data, the layout of ground control points and high-precision measurement are completed. In the middle reaches of the area, one national high-level control point is jointly surveyed in the five directions of East, South, West, North and middle. Measuring instrument: There are 3 sets of triple R8 GNSS system. Measurement principle: For the control network encryption point, it is connected with the high-level known points in four quadrants around the survey area and distributed evenly in the survey area. For the ground control point (GCP), the obvious characteristic points (such as house corner, road intersection, inflection point, etc.) of the ground layout target and the independent ground objects are adopted and evenly distributed in the survey area. For the ground points with high accuracy requirements, the principle of average value of multiple (at least three) measurements is adopted. Measurement method: In the test area, the control network is encrypted, and GPS static measurement and national high-level control network are used for joint measurement and calculation. During measurement, multiple GPS receivers conduct static synchronous observation at different stations, and the observation time is strictly in accordance with the control network measurement specifications. The ground points in the test area are accurately located. GPS-RTK positioning technology is used and the national high-level control points are used to calibrate to the local coordinate system. When the mobile station obtains the fixed solution during the coordinate acquisition, the measurement is carried out again and the single measurement lasts for 5S. Measuring position: (1) Flux observation matrix 17 stations, Las tower, waternet, soilnet and bnunet nodes in the core area of flux observation matrix; ground control points in CASI flight area; ground corner reflector positions in radar coverage area; ground target positions in lidar flight area. (2) Hulugou small watershed Ground target location of lidar flight area. (3) Tianmuchi small watershed Ground target location of lidar flight area. (4) Dayokou Basin Satellite image geometric correction ground control point. Data format: GPS static survey, the original data format is ". Dat" and ". T01" (or ". T02") files (or converted renix data) and "field record". GPS-RTK survey, the original project is ". Job" file (or converted ". DC" file). The test results are submitted in the format of exported ". CSV" data, which can be viewed and edited by Excel software. Measurement time: June 19, 2012 to July 30, 2012
LIU Xiangfeng, MA Mingguo
On 29 June 2012, CASI sensor carried by the Harbin Y-12 aircraft was used in a visible near Infrared hyperspectral airborne remote sensing experiment, which is located in the observation experimental area (30×30 km). The land cover pattern product in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin were obtained at a spatial resolution of 1 m, using CASI aerial data with high spatial and spectral resolution．A hierarchical classification structure integrated by pixel-based classification and object-based classification is used to obtain production．According to surveyed reference data about land cover and visual interpretation from high resolution imagery，the accuracy of the classification result of land cover was evaluated，and the result showed that overall accuracy was 84.61 %，Kappa coefficient was 0.8262．
XIAO Qing, Liu Liangyun
During lidar and widas flight in summer 2012, the ground synchronously carried out the continuous observation of differential GPS of ground base station, and obtained the synchronous GPS static observation data, which is used to support the synchronous solution of aviation flight data. Measuring instrument: Two sets of triple R8 GNSS system. Zgp8001 sets Time and place of measurement: On July 19, 2012, EC matrix lidar flew and observed at mjwxb (northwest of Maojiawan) and sbmz (shibamin) two base stations at the same time On July 25, 2012, lidar of hulugou small watershed and tianmuchi small watershed in the upper reaches flew, observed in XT Xiatang, lidar of Zhangye City calibration field in the middle reaches, and observed in mjwxb (northwest of Maojiawan) On July 26, 2012, lidar flight of hulugou small watershed and tianmuchi small watershed in the upper reaches was observed in XT Xiatang, lidar flight of Zhangye City calibration field in the middle reaches was observed in HCZ (railway station) On August 1, 2012, the upper east and West branches of widas flew and observed in yng (yeniugou) On August 2, 2012, the midstream EC matrix test area widas flew and observed in HCZ (railway station) On August 3, 2012, the midstream EC matrix test area widas flew and observed in mjwxb (northwest Maojiawan) Data format: Original data format before differential preprocessing.
LIU Xiangfeng, MA Mingguo
250m/1km month compositing Fraction Vegetation Cover (FVC) data set of Heihe River Basin provides the results of monthly FVC synthesis in 2011-2014. The data is produced by using MODIS vegetation index products MOD13A2 and MOD13Q1 based on dimidiate pixel model.
ZHONG Bo, WU Junjun
On 10 July 2012 (UTC+8), TASI sensor carried by the Harbin Y-12 aircraft was used in a visible near Infrared hyperspectral airborne remote sensing experiment, which is located in the observation experimental area (30×30 km), Linze region and Heihe riverway. The relative flight altitude is 2500 meters. The wavelength of TASI is 8-11.5 μm with a spatial resolution of 3 meters. Through the ground sample points and atmospheric data, the data are recorded in surface radiance processed by geometric correction and atmospheric correction.
XIAO Qing, Wen Jianguang
The albedo product was obtained based on the visible and near-infrared hyperspectral radiometer (29 June, 2012) which covered the artificial oasis eco-hydrology experimental area (5.5 km*5.5 km)with a 5 m spatial resolution.
XIAO Qing, Wen Jianguang
On 19 August 2012, a Leica ALS70 airborne laser scanner boarded by the Y-12 aircraft was used to obtain the point cloud data. Leica ALS70 airborne laser scanner has unlimited numbers of returns intensities measurements including the first, second, third return intensities. The wavelength of laser light is 1064 nm. The absolute flight altitude is 2900 m with the point cloud density 1 point per square meter. Aerial LiDAR-DSM was obtained through parameter calibration, automatic classification of point cloud density and manual editing.
XIAO Qing, Wen Jianguang
On 19 August 2012, a Leica ALS70 airborne laser scanner boarded on the Y-12 aircraft was used to obtain the Lidar point cloud data. Leica ALS70 airborne laser scanner has unlimited numbers of returns intensities measurements including the first, second, third return intensities. The wavelength of laser light is 1064 nm. The absolute flight altitude is 2900 m with the point cloud density 1 point per square meter. Aerial LiDAR-DEM was obtained through parameter calibration, automatic classification of point cloud density and manual editing.
XIAO Qing, Wen Jianguang
This dataset includes the retrieved soil moisture products from the airborne PLMR microwave radiometer on 30 June, 7 July, 10 July, 26 July and 2 August, 2012 (UTC+8), in the HiWATER artificial oasis eco-hydrology experimental area of Heihe river basin. The soil moisture (SM), vegetation water content (VWC) and surface roughness (Hr) are simultaneously retrieved based on six brightness temperatures at three incidence angles (7°, 21.5°, 38.5°) and with dual polarization (H and V), by using the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm. The spatial resolution of the soil moisture products is 700 m, which represent the ~5 cm surface soil moisture according to the L-band observation wavelength. This dataset is in the format of asc, and with UTM projection (47°N). The validation against the eco-hydrological wireless sensor network observations and artificial synchronized observation shows that the total accuracy of this dataset can achieve 0.05 cm^3/cm^3, and that of the products on 7 July and 10 July even less than 0.04 cm^3/cm^3. This dataset can be helpful for the land surface process/hydrological process simulation and data assimilation, surface flux estimation, artificial irrigation management and spatial scaling research.
Li Dazhi, KANG Jian, LI Xin
The dataset contains vegetation type in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin, which was used to validate products from remote sensing. It was generated from investigating the land cover strips of CASI during 2012. Instruments: High-precision handheld GPS (2-3 m) and digital camera were used as main tools in the survey. Measurement method: Hierarchical classification is applied based on CASI data. According to various land types, pixel classifications is used for forest, grassland, bare land and building lands; in-situ observations and investigations are used for different crops. Dataset contains: land types, including maize, leek, poplar trees, cauliflower, bell pepper, potatoes, endive sprout, orchard, watermelon, kidney bean, pear orchard, shadow, and non-vegetation, except for 14 others which are not classified. Observation site: core experimental areas with 5*5 matrix structure in the middle reaches of the Heihe river basin Date: From 25 June in 2012 (UTC+8) on.
Zhang Miao
On 19 July 2012 (UTC+8), Leica ALS70 airborne laser scanner carried by the Harbin Y-12 aircraft was used in a LiDAR airborne optical remote sensing experiment. The relative flight altitude is 1500 m (the elevation of 2700 m). Leica ALS70 airborne laser scanner has unlimited numbers of returns intensities measurements including the first, second, third return intensities. The wavelength of laser light is 1064 nm with the point cloud density 4 points per square meter. Based on the original Airborne LiDAR-DEM data production were obtained through parameter calibration, automatic classification of point cloud density and manual editing.
XIAO Qing, Wen Jianguang
On June 26, 2012, the satellite transit ground synchronous observation was carried out in the TerraSAR-X sample near the super station in the dense observation area of Daman. TerraSAR-X satellite carries X-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The daily transit image is HH / VV polarized, with a nominal resolution of 3 m, an incidence angle of 22-24 ° and a transit time of 19:03 (Beijing time), which mainly covers the ecological and hydrological experimental area of the middle reaches artificial oasis. The local synchronous data set can provide the basic ground data set for the development and verification of active microwave remote sensing soil moisture retrieval algorithm. Quadrat and sampling strategy: Six natural blocks are selected in the southeast of the super station, with an area of about 100 m × 100 m. One plot in the northwest corner of the sample plot is watermelon field, others are corn. The basis of sample selection is: (1) considering different vegetation types, i.e. watermelon and corn; (2) considering the visible light pixel, the sample size of 100m square can guarantee at least 4 30 M-pixel is located in the sample; (3) the location of the sample is near the super station, with convenient transportation. The observation of the super station is in the north, and there is a water net node on both sides of the East and the west, which makes it possible to integrate these observations in the future; (4) in addition, there are some obvious points around the sample, which can ensure that the geometric correction of the SAR image is more accurate in the future. Considering the resolution of the image, 21 splines (distributed from east to West) are collected at 5m intervals. Each line has 21 points (north-south direction) at 5m intervals. Three hydroprobe data acquisition systems (HDAS, reference 2) are used to measure at the same time. The sampling interval is controlled by the scale and moving splines on the measuring line to make up for the lack of using hand-held GPS. Measurement content: About 440 points on the quadrat were obtained, and each point was observed twice, i.e. two times in each sampling point, one time inside the film (marked as a in the data record) and one time outside the film (marked as B in the data record); although the watermelon land was also covered with film, considering that it was not laid horizontally, only the soil moisture at the non covered position was measured (marked as B in the two data records). As the HDAS system uses pogo portable soil sensor, the soil temperature, soil moisture (volume moisture content), loss tangent, soil conductivity, real part and imaginary part of soil complex dielectric are observed. Because the vegetation in this area has been sampled and observed once every five days, no special vegetation synchronous sampling has been carried out on that day. Data: The data format of this data set is vector file, the spatial location is the location of each sampling point (WGS84 + UTM 47N), and the measurement information of soil moisture is recorded in the attribute file.
WANG Shuguo, MA Mingguo, LI Xin
The first dataset of ground truth measurements synchronizing with TerraSAR-X was obtained in the Daman foci experimental area on 4 June, 2012. The satellite image was in StripMap mode and HH/VV polarization with an incidence angle of 22-24°, and the overpass time was approximately at 19:00 UTC+8. The second dataset of ground truth measurements synchronizing with TerraSAR-X was obtained in the Daman foci experimental area on 15 June, 2012. The satellite image was in StripMap mode and HH/VV polarization with an incidence angle of 22-24°, and the overpass time was approximately at 19:00 UTC+8. The third dataset of ground truth measurements synchronizing with TerraSAR-X was obtained in the Daman foci experimental area on 26 June, 2012. The satellite image was in StripMap mode and HH/VV polarization with an incidence angle of 22-24°, and the overpass time was approximately at 19:00 UTC+8. The measurements were conducted at a sampling plot southeast to the Daman Superstation with an area of around 100 m × 100 m, which was dominantly planted with maize. Steven Hydro probes were used to collect soil moisture and other measurements with an interval of 5 m. For each sampling point, two measurements were acquired within an area of 1 m2, with one for the soil covered by plastic film (point name was tagged as LXPXXA) and the other for exposed soil (point name was tagged as LXPXXB). Concurrently with soil moisture sampling, vegetation properties were measured at around 10 locations within this sampling plot. Observation items included: Soil parameters: volumetric soil moisture (inherently converted from measured soil dielectric constant), soil temperature, soil dielectric constant, soil electric conductivity. Vegetation parameters: biomass, LAI, vegetation water content, canopy height, row distance and leaf chlorophyll content. Data and data format: This dataset includes two parts of measurements, i.e. soil and vegetation parameters. The former is as shapefile, with measured items stored in its attribute table. The measured vegetation parameters are recorded in an Excel file.
WANG Shuguo, LI Xin
In July 19, 2012 (UTC+8), the airborne LIDAR data is acquired in the foci area in the Heihe,middle reaches, which can provide high spatial resolution (m) and high precision (20 cm) of the surface elevation information. Based on airborne LIDAR data processing, the land surface DEM, DSM and point cloud density map were generated. By subtracting DSM and DEM directly, a Vegetation height product in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin was obtained. The product overall accuracy is 88%.
XIAO Qing, Wen Jianguang
On 30 June 2012 (UTC+8), TASI sensor carried by the Harbin Y-12 aircraft was used in a visible near Infrared hyperspectral airborne remote sensing experiment, which is located in the observation experimental area (30×30 km), Linze region and Heihe riverway. The relative flight altitude is 2500 meters. The wavelength of TASI is 8-11.5 μm with a spatial resolution of 3 meters. Through the ground sample points and atmospheric data, the data are recorded in surface radiance processed by geometric correction and atmospheric correction. Land surface temperature (LST) data was retrieved by temperature/emissivity separation algorithm.
XIAO Qing, Wen Jianguang
The aim of the simultaneous observation of land surface temperature is obtaining the land surface temperature of different kinds of underlying surface, including greenhouse film, the roof, road, ditch, concrete floor and so on, while the sensor of thermal infrared go into the experimental areas of artificial oases eco-hydrology on the middle stream. All the land surface temperature data will be used for validation of the retrieved land surface temperature from thermal infrared sensor and the analysis of the scale effect of the land surface temperature, and finally serve for the validation of the plausibility checks of the surface temperature product from remote sensing. 1. Observation time and other details On 25 June, 2012, ditch and asphalt road surface temperatures were observed once every five minutes using handheld infrared thermometers recorded. On 26 June, 2012, ditch and asphalt road surface temperatures were observed once every five minutes using handheld infrared thermometers while greenhouse film and concrete floor surface temperatures were observed once every one second using self-recording point thermometer. On 29 June, 2012, concrete floor surface temperatures were observed continuously using handheld infrared thermometers during the sensor of TASI go into the region. At the same time, greenhouse film and concrete floor surface temperatures were observed once every one second using self-recording point thermometer. On 30 June, 2012, asphalt road, ditch, bare soil, melonry and ridge of field surface temperatures were observed continuously using handheld infrared thermometers during the sensor of TASI go into the region. At the same time, greenhouse film and concrete floor surface temperatures were observed once every one second using self-recording point thermometer. On 10 July, 2012, asphalt road, ditch, bare soil, melonry and ridge of field surface temperatures were observed once every one minute using handheld infrared thermometers during the sensor of TASI go into the region. At the same time, concrete floor surface temperatures were observed once every six second using self-recording point thermometer. On 26 July, 2012, asphalt road, concrete floor, bare soil and melonry surface temperatures were observed once every one minute using handheld infrared thermometers during the sensor of WiDAS go into the region. At the same time, greenhouse film and concrete floor surface temperatures were observed once every six second using self-recording point thermometer. On 2 August, 2012, corn field and concrete floor surface temperatures were observed using handheld infrared thermometers. At the same time, greenhouse film and concrete floor surface temperatures were observed once every six second using self-recording point thermometer. For corn field, twelve sites were selected according to the flight strip of the WiDAS sensor, and for each site one plot surface temperatures were recorded continuously during the sensor of WiDAS go into the region. On 3 August, 2012, corn field and concrete floor surface temperatures were observed using handheld infrared thermometers. At the same time, greenhouse film and concrete floor surface temperatures were observed once every six second using self-recording point thermometer. For corn field, fourteen sites were selected according to the flight strip of the WiDAS sensor, and for each site three plots surface temperatures were recorded continuously during the sensor of WiDAS go into the region. 2. Instrument parameters and calibration The field of view of the self-recording point thermometer and the handheld infrared thermometer are 10 and 1 degree, respectively. The emissivity of the latter was assumed to be 0.95. The observation heights of the self-recording point thermometer for the greenhouse film and the concrete floor were 0.5 m and 1 m, respectively. All instruments were calibrated three times (on 6 July, 5 August and 20 September, 2012) using black body during observation. 3. Data storage All the observation data were stored in excel.
GENG Liying, Jia Shuzhen, WANG Haibo, PENG Li, Dong Cunhui
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